models of memory essays

models of memory essays The multi-store model of memory takes an information-processing approach to the study of memory, and is usually associated with the work of Atkinson and Shiffin. The model assumes that the human memory is an information processor that first has incoming information inputted into it, which is then processed and stored so that it can be outputted or retrieved at a later date. This three-step guide is the basis of the model. The model also states that there are a number of separate stores in memory, the sensory buffer store, the short-term memory store and the long-term memory store. Information moves through the different stores in a linear way, (only forward, not backward,) and thus it is described as a linear model of memory. The stores differ in the form of capacity, duration information can be held and the type of coding it is stored in. As information from the external world enters the store, it automatically passes into the sensory buffer store, and if attention is paid to this, it will continue into the short-term store where it can last for up to 30 seconds. If not, the information will be discarded and lost. But, if the information is rehearsed it will be recoded and transferred into the long-term memory store. Information that is un-rehearsed would be quickly lost from long-term memory, but can be retrieved from the long-term memory store via the short-term memory store, although retrieval cues may be needed to do this. Thu multi-store model of memory is supported by studies from Jacobs, Peterson + Peterson, Baddeley and Bahrick which all suggest that there is a difference between short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of capacity, duration and coding. However, studies by Craik + Tulving show that it is how we process memory and not where we store it that affects recollection after a period of time. This contrasts with the multi-store model. Case studies of people suffering brain damage indu ...

How Executive Order 9981 Desegregated the U.S. Military

How Executive Order 9981 Desegregated the U.S. Military The enactment of Executive Order 9981 not only desegregated the U.S. military but paved the way for the civil rights movement as well. Before the order went into effect, African-Americans had a long history of military service. They fought in World War II for what President Franklin Roosevelt called the four essential human freedoms, even though they faced segregation, racial violence and lack of voting rights at home. When the United States and the rest of the world discovered the full extent of Nazi Germanys genocidal plan against Jews, white Americans became more willing to examine their own countrys racism. Meanwhile, returning African-American veterans became determined to root out injustice in the United States. In this context, the desegregation of the military took place in 1948. President Truman's Committee on Civil Rights After World War IIs end, President Harry Truman placed civil rights high on his political agenda. While details of the Nazis Holocaust shocked many Americans, Truman was already looking ahead to the near certain conflict with the Soviet Union. To convince foreign nations to align themselves with Western democracies and reject socialism, the United States needed to rid itself of racism and begin practicing in earnest the ideals of freedom and liberty for all. In 1946, Truman established a Committee on Civil Rights, which reported back to him in 1947. The committee documented civil rights violations and racial violence and urged Truman to take steps to rid the country of the disease of racism. One of the points the report made was that African-Americans who serve their country did so in a racist and discriminatory environment. Executive Order 9981 Black activist and leader A. Philip Randolph told Truman that if he did not end segregation in the armed forces, African-Americans would start refusing to serve in the armed forces. Seeking African-American political support and wanting to bolster U.S. reputation abroad, Truman decided to desegregate the military. Truman did not think it likely that such legislation would make it through Congress, so he used an executive order to end military segregation. Executive Order 9981, signed on July 26, 1948, prohibited discrimination against military personnel because of race, color, religion or national origin. A Civil Rights Victory The desegregation of the armed forces was a major civil rights victory for African-Americans. Though a number of whites in the military resisted the order, and racism continued in the armed forces, Executive Order 9981 was the first major blow to segregation, giving hope to African-American activists that change was possible. Sources Desegregation of the Armed Forces. The Truman Library.   Gardner, Michael R., George M Elsey, Kweisi Mfume. Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks. Carbondale, IL: SIU Press, 2003. Sitkoff, Harvard. African-Americans, American Jews, and the Holocaust. In The Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies. Ed. William Henry Chafe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. 181-203.